Blockchain Technology in Maritime Supply Chains: A Review of Transparency, Traceability, and Governance Impacts

Abstract

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with significant implications for maritime supply chains, particularly in enhancing transparency, traceability, and governance. This review examines the growing body of literature on the application of blockchain within maritime logistics systems, where inefficiencies, information asymmetry, documentation fraud, and fragmented governance structures have historically posed persistent challenges. By synthesizing recent academic and industry-based studies, the paper explores how blockchain-enabled distributed ledger systems improve data integrity, enable real-time cargo tracking, and streamline documentation processes such as bills of lading and customs clearance. The review further highlights how smart contracts facilitate automated compliance and reduce administrative bottlenecks, thereby strengthening operational efficiency across port authorities, shipping companies, and logistics providers. In terms of governance, blockchain is shown to support more decentralized, secure, and auditable decision-making frameworks, although issues related to interoperability, regulatory uncertainty, and technological scalability remain critical barriers to widespread adoption. The study also identifies emerging trends, including integration with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, artificial intelligence, and digital twin technologies, which collectively enhance end-to-end supply chain visibility. Overall, the review concludes that while blockchain holds substantial promise for reshaping maritime supply chain management, its full potential can only be realized through standardized regulatory frameworks, cross-sector collaboration, and increased investment in digital infrastructure.